Proof that precludes every reasonable hypothesis except that which it tends to support. See REASONABLE DOUBT. • Formerly, this standard required evidence to “establish the truth of the fact to a reasonable and moral certainty” and “proof to a moral certainty as distinguished from an absolute certainty.” Moral certainty is no longer a synonym for […]
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convincing proof 令人信服的证明 指足以使一个无偏见的人不犹豫、不模稜两可、无合理怀疑地得出该主张的证明。 (→beyond a reasonable doubt; clear and convincing proof)
standard of proof 证明标准 在某一类案件或某一特定案件中要求负有证明责任的一方提供证据进行证明应达到的程度。如刑事案件中控诉方对被告人有罪的证明需达到「排除合理怀疑」〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的程度;大多数民事案件中的证明要求达到「相当的证据优势」〔fair preponderance of the evidence〕的程度。
proof to a moral certainty 达到相当确信的证明 相当于排除合理怀疑的证明〔proof beyond a reasonable doubt〕,表示该证明足以使有理性的陪审团凭其良心与判断确信被告人犯有所指控的罪行。 (→moral certainty)
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degree of proof 证明程度；证明标准；证明要求 指对不同性质的案件，对其事实的真实情况的证明必须达到的标准或要求。在刑事诉讼中，对被告人有罪的证明必须达到排除合理怀疑〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的程度，而在民事诉讼中，通常只要求一方的证据比对方的证据具有优势即可。 (→burden of proof; preponderance of evidence; reasonable doubt)
burden of proof 证明责任 指当事人为避免不利于己的裁判而提出证据证明其主张的事实并说服事实认定者〔trier of fact〕确信其主张的责任。证据法上的一般规则是提出肯定性主张的一方负证明责任，即「谁主张，谁举证」。所以，在诉讼中证明责任通常首先由原告或控告人〔prosecutor〕承担，但当其提出了充分证据能够证明其主张成立，即确立了表面案件〔prima facie case〕时，证明责任即转移给另一方，但是在刑事诉讼中由于实行无罪推定〔presumption of innocence〕原则，证明被告人有罪的责任由公诉方承担，被告人不承担证明自己有罪或无罪的责任，但就某些事实或主张，被告人仍承担证明责任，如被告人主张自己精神不正常等。在英美证据法理论上，通常认为证明责任包含两个概念，其一为「举证责任」〔burden of going forward with evidence or burden of producing evidence〕，即当事人就自己主张的事实应提供充分证据予以证明的责任。该责任在诉讼过程中可在当事人之间来回转移；其二为「说服责任」〔burden of persuasion〕，即当事人说服事实认定者确信其所提证据指向的事实为真实的责任。依传统观点，说服责任在诉讼的任一阶段都不会由当事人一方转移给另一方。承担证明责任的一方对其主张的证明还必须达到法定的标准，才可使自己免受不利裁判。在不同的案件中该标准也不同。在大多数民事案件中及对某些刑事辩护主张(如精神不正常〔insanity〕)，适用「证据优势」〔preponderance of the evidence〕的标准；在某些民事案件(如关于民事欺诈〔civil fraud〕)中，适用「清楚而令人信服的证明」〔clear and convincing proof〕的标准；而在刑事案件中对被告人有罪的证明则必须达到「排除合理怀疑」〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的程度。
A party’s duty to prove a fact by clear and convincing evidence. • This standard lies between the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard and the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard. See clear and convincing evidence under EVIDENCE. [Cases: Evidence 596. C.J.S. Evidence §§ 1299, 1304–1306, 1308, 1310–1311, 1315–1317.]
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standard of proof. The degree or level of proof demanded in a specific case, such as “beyond a reasonable doubt” or “by a preponderance of the evidence.” See BURDEN OF PERSUASION. [Cases: Criminal Law 560; Evidence 596. C.J.S. Criminal Law § 1108; Evidence §§ 1299, 1304–1306, 1308, 1310–1311, 1315–1317.]
clear and convincing proof 清楚且令人确信的证明 能够确定争议的基本事实具有合理的真实性的一种证明程度。它高于证据优势〔preponderance of evidence〕的证明程度，但低于排除合理怀疑〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的证明程度。它对事实的确认只达到一种高度的盖然性。
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moral certainty. Absolute certainty. • Moral certainty is not required to sustain a criminal conviction. See REASONABLE DOUBT; proof beyond a reasonable doubt under PROOF. [Cases: Criminal Law 561(1). C.J.S. Criminal Law § 1108.]